ホーム 計算ツール
代理店ログイン

検索結果

Search Results for " GDP "

ターゲット

32

阻害剤

2

天然化合物

30

リコンビナントタンパク質

1

ライブラリー

カタログ番号 製品名 別名 ターゲット
T74041 GDP-L-fucose Endogenous Metabolite
GDP-L-fucose is a nucleotide sugar widely found in fungi and plants and is involved in both the slave and secondary remedial metabolic pathways.
T7606 Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt 5'-GDP-Na2 Endogenous Metabolite
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt (5'-GDP-Na2) is a nucleoside diphosphate, is a potential iron mobilizer, which prevents the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction and modulating the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway.
T11382 GDP-​α-D-​mannose disodium Others
GDP-α-D-mannose disodium gives a competitive inhibition with respect to GTP (Ki 14.7 μM) and an uncompetitive inhibition with respect to mannose-1-P (Ki 115 μM).GDP-α-D-mannose disodium is the donor substrate for mannosy...
T11383 GDP366 Survivin
T74042 GDP-L-fucose disodium
GDP-L-fucose disodium, a nucleotide sugar, serves as a crucial substrate for fucose oligosaccharides biosynthesis by providing the fucose moiety. Its formation follows two metabolic pathways: the primary de novo pathway ...
T72120 Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium GDP sodium
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) sodium is a nucleoside diphosphate known for activating the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel and serving as a potential iron mobilizer by inhibiting the hepcidin-ferroportin i...
T8684 Sotorasib AMG-510 Ras
Sotorasib (AMG-510) is an orally active and selective covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C. Sotorasib binds to the GDP state of the inactive conformation of KRAS G12C and inhibits KRAS and its downstream signaling. Sotorasib ...
T8369 Adagrasib MRTX849 Ras
Adagrasib (MRTX849) is an orally active and selective covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C. Adagrasib binds to the GDP state of the inactive conformation of KRAS G12C and inhibits KRAS and its downstream signaling. Adagrasib ...
T31919 Gdpflrfamide Gly-asp-pro-phe-leu-arg-phe-amide
Gdpflrfamide is a neuropeptide that existed in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis.
T9198 SCH54292 Ras
SCH-54292 is a GDP exchange inhibitor.
T8930 CID44216842 KUC103479N-02 CDK , Ras
CID44216842 (KUC103479N-02) is a potent Cdc42-selective guanine nucleotide binding lead inhibitor. The EC50s for Cdc42 WT and Cdc42Q61L mutant are 1.0 and 1.2 μM in GTP binding assay, respectively. The EC50s for Cdc42 WT...
T40192 DGTP 2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog , DNA/RNA Synthesis
dGTP (2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate) is one of the guanosine nucleotides which is highly susceptible to oxidative damage to 8-O-GDP, 8-O-dGTP, 8-O-GTP, and 8-O-dGTP.
T69529 BI-0474 Ras
BI-0474 is a potent KRASG12C inhibitor that inhibits GDP-KRAS::SOS1 protein-protein interactions with an IC50 value of 7.0 nM.BI-0474 exhibits significant antiproliferative activity against NCI-H358 cells harboring the G...
T13983 0990CL cAMP , Others
0990CL is an effective heterotrimer Gαi subunit specific inhibitor, which can interact with purified Go± in GDP-bound state, and can block α2AR mediated cAMP regulation. In the cell model, low concentration of 0990CL cou...
T38170 RMC-0331 RM-023 Raf
RMC-0331 (RM-023) is an orally available and potent SOS1 inhibitor.RMC-0331 has potential anticancer activity, blocking RAS activation by disrupting RAS-SOS1 interactions.
T7414 ARS-853 Apoptosis , Raf , Ras
ARS-853 is an inhibitor of K-RASG12C(IC50 : 2.5 μM), a mutant form of K-RAS that accumulates in the active GTP-bound state in certain cancer cells
T15485 HJC0197 cAMP , Ras
HJC0197 selectively blocks cAMP-induced Epac activation. HJC0197 is an effective exchange protein. Which straightly activated by cAMP (Epac) antagonist (IC50=5.9 μM for Epac2).
T64537 Guanosine 5′-diphospho-β-L-fucose sodium salt
GDP-β-L-fucose is a metabolite in plant and animal. It used for microbe agglutination assay and agglutination inhibition assay. GDP-β-L-fucose is formed by the oxidation-reduction and epimerization of GDP-R-D-mannose in ...
T64000 MRTX-EX185
MRTX-EX185 is an effective inhibitor of GDP-loaded KRAS and KRAS (G12D) with an IC50=90 nM for KRAS (G12D). MRTX-EX185 is also capable of binding GDP-loaded HRAS.
T75247 Mannose 1-phosphate
Mannose 1-phosphate, an endogenous metabolite, serves as a substrate for the enzyme GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase to synthesize GDP-Man [1].
T26394 6-Alkynyl-fucose 6-Alk-Fuc
6-Alkynyl-fucose, a widely used fucosylation probe, acts by strongly inhibiting fucosylation and GDP-fucose synthetase FX and halting hepatoma invasion.
T63201 SOS1 activator 1
SOS1 activator 1 is an activator of SOS1-mediated nucleotide exchange (Kd: 44 nM).SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that binds to Ras proteins and catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP on RAS, resulting in the...
T83817 Isoguanosine-5'-O-diphosphate sodium isoGDP
Isoguanosine-5'-O-diphosphate (isoGDP), an isomer of GDP and a phosphorylated variant of crotonoside, acts as a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor, demonstrating effectiveness at a concentration of 3 µM (IC50 = 3 µM).
T75420 Alpha-1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase (α1,3/4FucT)
alpha-1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase (α1,3/4FucT) (Hp3/4FT) can be found in Helicobacter pylori . alpha-1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase (α1,3/4FucT) catalyzes fucose transfer from donor GDP-beta-l-fucose to the GlcNAc [1] .
T80148 GRP (14-27) (human, porcine, canine) Bombesin Receptor
GRP (14-27) (human, porcine, canine) functions as a ligand for bombesin receptors, with its specific binding being inhibited by GTP and GDP, while GMP does not affect it [1].
T63927 KRAS G12C inhibitor 25
KRAS G12C inhibitor 25 is an inhibitor of KRAS G12C. KRAS G12C inhibitor 25 inhibits the SOS1-assisted GDP/GTP exchange activity of KRAS-G12C mutants with an IC50 value of 0.48 nM.
T37154 7-Methylguanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium
7-Methylguanosine 5’-diphosphate (7-Methyl-GDP) sodium, a cap analog, is utilized in the synthesis of mRNA cap analogues[1].
T82329 GDI2-IN-1
GDI2-IN-1 (compound (+)-37), a GDP-dissociation inhibitor beta (GDI2) inhibitor, demonstrates potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 2.87 μM and a K D of 36 μM, and exhibits excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy in pa...
T38411 KRA-533
KRA-533, a potent KRAS agonist, directly targets the GTP/GDP binding pocket within the KRAS protein, inhibiting GTP cleavage. This inhibition leads to the buildup of constitutively active GTP-bound KRAS, which subsequent...
T79928 Phosphomannose isomerase
Phosphomannose isomerase, the initial enzyme in GDP-Man biosynthesis, catalytically facilitates the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate (Fru6P) and mannose-6-phosphate (Man6P), playing a crucial role in cell wall syn...
T36740 Guanosine 5’-diphosphate (sodium salt hydrate)
Guanosine 5’-diphosphate (GDP) is a purine nucleotide and biosynthetic precursor of guanosine 5’-triphosphate .1It has been used to study the conformations of GTPases.2GDP (100 μM) activates sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR...
T37422 Ras Inhibitory Peptide
Son of sevenless homolog 1 (Sos1) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that directs the exchange of Ras-GDP to Ras-GTP by binding to SH3 domains of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), leading to t...

Compounds

GDP-L-fucose
T74041
Synonym:
Target: Endogenous Metabolite
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt
T7606
Synonym: 5'-GDP-Na2
Target: Endogenous Metabolite
GDP-​α-D-​mannose disodium
T11382
Synonym:
Target: Others
GDP366
T11383
Synonym:
Target: Survivin
GDP-L-fucose disodium
T74042
Synonym:
Target:
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium
T72120
Synonym: GDP sodium
Target:
Sotorasib
T8684
Synonym: AMG-510
Target: Ras
Adagrasib
T8369
Synonym: MRTX849
Target: Ras
Gdpflrfamide
T31919
Synonym: Gly-asp-pro-phe-leu-arg-phe-amide
Target:
SCH54292
T9198
Synonym:
Target: Ras
CID44216842
T8930
Synonym: KUC103479N-02
Target: CDK, Ras
dGTP
T40192
Synonym: 2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate
Target: Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog, DNA/RNA Synthesis
BI-0474
T69529
Synonym:
Target: Ras
0990CL
T13983
Synonym:
Target: cAMP, Others
RMC-0331
T38170
Synonym: RM-023
Target: Raf
ARS-853
T7414
Synonym:
Target: Apoptosis, Raf, Ras
HJC0197
T15485
Synonym:
Target: cAMP, Ras
Guanosine 5′-diphospho-β-L-fucose sodium salt
T64537
Synonym:
Target:
MRTX-EX185
T64000
Synonym:
Target:
Mannose 1-phosphate
T75247
Synonym:
Target:
6-Alkynyl-fucose
T26394
Synonym: 6-Alk-Fuc
Target:
SOS1 activator 1
T63201
Synonym:
Target:
Isoguanosine-5'-O-diphosphate sodium
T83817
Synonym: isoGDP
Target:
alpha-1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase (α1,3/4FucT)
T75420
Synonym:
Target:
GRP (14-27) (human, porcine, canine)
T80148
Synonym:
Target: Bombesin Receptor
KRAS G12C inhibitor 25
T63927
Synonym:
Target:
7-Methylguanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium
T37154
Synonym:
Target:
GDI2-IN-1
T82329
Synonym:
Target:
KRA-533
T38411
Synonym:
Target:
Phosphomannose isomerase
T79928
Synonym:
Target:
Guanosine 5’-diphosphate (sodium salt hydrate)
T36740
Synonym:
Target:
Ras Inhibitory Peptide
T37422
Synonym:
Target:
カタログ番号 製品名 別名 ターゲット
T7210 Guanosine 5'-diphosphate GDP Endogenous Metabolite
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) as Potential Iron Mobilizer, Preventing the Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction and Modulating the Interleukin-6/Stat-3 Pathway.
T65209 GDP-D-mannose disodium
GDP-D-mannose disodium is a natural product for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T65209.

Recombinant Proteins

カタログ番号 製品名 Species Expression System
TMPJ-01111 TSTA3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
GDP-L-Fucose Synthase is a NADP(H)-binding protein. It catalyzes the two-step epimerase and the reductase reactions in GDP-D-mannose metabolism, converting GDP-4-keto-6-D-dexoymannose to GDP-L-fucose. GDP-L-Fucose is the...
TMPH-01994 GDI2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human P. pastoris (Yeast)
Regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most Rab proteins by inhibiting the dissociation of GDP from them, and the subsequent binding of GTP to them. GDI2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N...
TMPY-03122 GBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human HEK293 Cells
GBP-2 belongs to the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) family. GBPs are characterized by their ability to specifically bind guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP). As GTPases induced by IFN-gamma (Interferon-inducible GTP...
TMPH-01209 DENND1A Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) Human E. coli
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) regulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis through RAB35 activation. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound RAB35 into its active GTP-bound form. Regulat...
TMPY-02439 Rac2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (Rac2) is a small G-protein belonging to the Ras subfamily of the GTPase family. Rac2 acts as an "on / off" switch for signal transduction cascades and motilities. When GDP is a...
TMPY-04311 RAB11B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human HEK293 Cells
The two recurrent dominant mutations in RAB11B leading to a neurodevelopmental syndrome, likely caused by altered GDP/GTP binding that inactivate the protein and induce GEF binding and protein mislocalization.
TMPJ-01257 PMM1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
Phosphomannomutase 1 (PMM1) blongs to the eukaryotic PMM family. Phosphomannomutase 1 can catalyzes the conversion between D-mannose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 1-phosphate which is a substrate for GDP-mannose synthesis. G...
TMPH-02694 GNG12 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) Mouse E. coli
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GD...
TMPY-02805 GNGT1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
GNGT1 is a subunit of transducin. Heterotrimeric G proteins consist of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. They are membrane-bound GTPases that are linked to 7-TM receptors. They function as signal transducers for the 7-tra...
TMPY-03611 PMM2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
Phosphomannomutase 2, also known as PMM2 and CDG1, belongs to the eukaryotic PMM family. Phosphomannomutase 2 catalyzes the isomerization of mannose 6-phosphate to mannose 1-phosphate. Mannose 1-phosphate is a precursor ...
TMPH-01285 EEF1D Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP, regenerating EF-1-alpha for another round of transfer of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome.; Regulates induction of heat-shock-responsive g...
TMPH-03445 GSP1 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (His) Saccharomyces cerevisiae P. pastoris (Yeast)
GTP-binding protein involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Required for the import of protein into the nucleus and also for RNA export. Essential for cell viability. By analogy with Ras, Ran may be activated when GTP i...
TMPH-01553 GBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) Human E. coli
Hydrolyzes GTP to GMP in 2 consecutive cleavage reactions, but the major reaction product is GDP. Exhibits antiviral activity against influenza virus. Promotes oxidative killing and delivers antimicrobial peptides to aut...
TMPH-02020 RGS17 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) Human E. coli
Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades, including signaling via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM2 and dopamine receptor DRD2. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G pro...
TMPH-01207 DOCK8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human P. pastoris (Yeast)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which specifically activates small GTPase CDC42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. During immune responses, required for interstitial dendritic cell (DC) migration by locally a...
TMPY-02802 GNG13 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
GNG13 is a subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins which consist of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. Heterotrimeric G proteins are membrane-bound GTPases that are linked to 7-TM receptors. They function as signal transducer...
TMPH-02334 RAB12 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) Human E. coli
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bou...
TMPH-02623 DOCK8 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) Mouse P. pastoris (Yeast)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which specifically activates small GTPase CDC42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. During immune responses, required for interstitial dendritic cell (DC) migration by locally a...
TMPH-02622 DOCK8 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (E. coli, His) Mouse E. coli
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which specifically activates small GTPase CDC42 by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. During immune responses, required for interstitial dendritic cell (DC) migration by locally a...
TMPY-03747 Fucose Mutarotase Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
FUOM, also known as fucose mutarotase and FucM, belongs to the RbsD / FucU family. FUOM is involved in the interconversion between alpha- and beta-L-fucoses. L-Fucose has two isforms: alpha-L-fucose (29.5%) and beta-L-fu...
TMPJ-01126 RheB Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) Human E. coli
GTP-Binding Protein Rheb (RHEB) is a member of the small GTPase superfamily and encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein with five repeats of the RAS-related GTP-binding region. Highest levels of RHEB can be foun...
TMPY-03500 ARL2BP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-like proteins (ARLs) comprise a functionally distinct group of the ARF family of RAS-related GTPases. ARL2BP binds to ARL2.GTP with high affinity but does not interact with ARL2.GDP, activ...
TMPY-03430 RheB Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human Baculovirus Insect Cells
RHEB is a recently discovered member of the Ras superfamily that may be involved in neural plasticity. This function is novel and not typically associated with the Ras proteins. RHEB gene is a member of the small GTPase ...
TMPY-03608 EEF1B2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
EF1B, also known as EEF1B2, is a translation elongation factor. It belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the cell. In the ribosome, the...
TMPY-01187 Rac1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) Human Baculovirus Insect Cells
RAC1 is a GTPase that belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Members of this superfamily appear to regulate a diverse array of cellular events, including the control of cell growth, cytoskeletal re...
TMPH-01524 KPNA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
Functions in nuclear protein import as an adapter protein for nuclear receptor KPNB1. Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Docking of the importin/substrate com...
TMPY-03487 NRAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human E. coli
NRAS was discovered by researchers at the Institute of Cancer Research, funded by the Cancer Research Campaign (now Cancer Research UK). NRAS gene is a member of the Ras gene family. It is mapped on chromosome 1, and it ...
TMPY-01958 RhoA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human Baculovirus Insect Cells
Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Rho cDNA clone 12, Ras homolog gene family member A, RHOA and ARH12, is a cell membrane and cytoplasm protein that belongs to the small GTPase superfamily and Rho family. The Rho ...
TMPY-02220 HRAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) Human Baculovirus Insect Cells
HRas, also known as HRAS, belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family, and is widely expressed. It functions in signal transduction pathways. HRas can bind GTP and GDP, and they have intrinsic GTPase activity. It...
TMPH-02873 RAB10 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) Mouse E. coli
The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bou...
TSTA3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPJ-01111
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
GDI2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-01994
Species: Human
Expression System: P. pastoris (Yeast)
GBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03122
Species: Human
Expression System: HEK293 Cells
DENND1A Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO)
TMPH-01209
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
Rac2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-02439
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RAB11B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-04311
Species: Human
Expression System: HEK293 Cells
PMM1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPJ-01257
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
GNG12 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc)
TMPH-02694
Species: Mouse
Expression System: E. coli
GNGT1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-02805
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
PMM2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03611
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
EEF1D Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-01285
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
GSP1 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-03445
Species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Expression System: P. pastoris (Yeast)
GBP2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His)
TMPH-01553
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RGS17 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST)
TMPH-02020
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
DOCK8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-01207
Species: Human
Expression System: P. pastoris (Yeast)
GNG13 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-02802
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RAB12 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc)
TMPH-02334
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
DOCK8 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-02623
Species: Mouse
Expression System: P. pastoris (Yeast)
DOCK8 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (E. coli, His)
TMPH-02622
Species: Mouse
Expression System: E. coli
Fucose Mutarotase Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03747
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RheB Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST)
TMPJ-01126
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
ARL2BP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03500
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RheB Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03430
Species: Human
Expression System: Baculovirus Insect Cells
EEF1B2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03608
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
Rac1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST)
TMPY-01187
Species: Human
Expression System: Baculovirus Insect Cells
KPNA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPH-01524
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
NRAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-03487
Species: Human
Expression System: E. coli
RhoA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-01958
Species: Human
Expression System: Baculovirus Insect Cells
HRAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His)
TMPY-02220
Species: Human
Expression System: Baculovirus Insect Cells
RAB10 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO)
TMPH-02873
Species: Mouse
Expression System: E. coli
カタログ番号 製品名
L1110 Microtubule-Targeted Compound Library

142 compounds
A unique collection of 142 microtubule-targeted compounds can be used in HTS and HCS;